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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/jucs.112570</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">112570</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>I.2 - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE</subject>
          <subject>K.6.3 - Software Management</subject>
          <subject>K.6 - MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Challenges and Experiences in Designing Interpretable KPI-diagnostics for Cloud Applications</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Harutyunyan</surname>
            <given-names>Ashot</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">aharutyunyan@vmware.com</email>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2707-1039</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Poghosyan</surname>
            <given-names>Arnak</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6037-4851</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Harutyunyan</surname>
            <given-names>Lilit</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9558-9385</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Aghajanyan</surname>
            <given-names>Nelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3560-7502</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Bunarjyan</surname>
            <given-names>Tigran</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4427-4284</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Vinck</surname>
            <given-names>A.J. Han</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3437-3676</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">AI Lab at Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia</addr-line>
        <institution>AI Lab at Yerevan State University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Yerevan</addr-line>
        <country>Armenia</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia</addr-line>
        <institution>Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems of NAS RA</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Yerevan</addr-line>
        <country>Armenia</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A3">
        <label>3</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Institute of Mathematics of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia</addr-line>
        <institution>Institute of Mathematics of NAS RA</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Yerevan</addr-line>
        <country>Armenia</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A4">
        <label>4</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">VMware, Palo Alto, United States of America</addr-line>
        <institution>VMware</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Palo Alto</addr-line>
        <country>United States of America</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A5">
        <label>5</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Deutsche Börse AG, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line>
        <institution>Deutsche Börse AG</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Frankfurt am Main</addr-line>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A6">
        <label>6</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany</addr-line>
        <institution>Technische Universität München</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Munich</addr-line>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A7">
        <label>7</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany</addr-line>
        <institution>University of Duisburg-Essen</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Duisburg</addr-line>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Ashot Harutyunyan (<email xlink:type="simple">aharutyunyan@vmware.com</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <fpage>1298</fpage>
      <lpage>1318</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/DFC0DA80-42C5-585A-A0F8-A6BEBD59611A">DFC0DA80-42C5-585A-A0F8-A6BEBD59611A</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/0">0</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Ashot Harutyunyan, Arnak Poghosyan, Lilit Harutyunyan, Nelli Aghajanyan, Tigran Bunarjyan, A.J. Han Vinck</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-ND 4.0). This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Automated root cause analysis of performance problems in modern cloud computing infrastructures is of a high technology value in the self-driving context. Those systems are evolved into large scale and complex solutions which are core for running most of today’s business applications. Hence, cloud management providers realize their mission through a “total” monitoring of data center flows thus enabling a full visibility into the cloud. Appropriate machine learning methods and software products rely on such observation data for real-time identification and remediation of potential sources of performance degradations in cloud operations to minimize their impacts. We describe the existing technology challenges and our experiences while working on designing problem root cause analysis mechanisms which are automatic, application agnostic, and, at the same time, interpretable for human operators to gain their trust. The paper focuses on diagnosis of cloud ecosystems through their Key Performance Indicators (KPI). Those indicators are utilized to build automatically labeled data sets and train explainable AI models for identifying conditions and processes “responsible” for misbehaviors. Our experiments on a large time series data set from a cloud application demonstrate that those approaches are effective in obtaining models that explain unacceptable KPI behaviors and localize sources of issues.</p>
      </abstract>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement>https://www.fast.foundation/</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
