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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3217/jucs-025-13-1687</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">22692</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>H.4.m - Miscellaneous</subject>
          <subject>J.7 - COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Improving Multi-Label Classification for Learning Objects Categorization by Taking into Consideration United States of Americage Information</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Espejo</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">pgonzalez@uco.es</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Gibaja</surname>
            <given-names>Eva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Menéndez</surname>
            <given-names>Victor H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Zapata</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Romero</surname>
            <given-names>Cristobal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain</addr-line>
        <institution>University of Cordoba</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Cordoba</addr-line>
        <country>Spain</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida, Mexico</addr-line>
        <institution>Autonomous University of Yucatan</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Merida</addr-line>
        <country>Mexico</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Pedro G. Espejo (<email xlink:type="simple">pgonzalez@uco.es</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>25</volume>
      <issue>13</issue>
      <fpage>1687</fpage>
      <lpage>1716</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/204E13D1-A318-59FE-B51E-AD99BA102BBF">204E13D1-A318-59FE-B51E-AD99BA102BBF</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/4840948">4840948</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Pedro G. Espejo, Eva Gibaja, Victor H. Menéndez, Alfredo Zapata, Cristobal Romero</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This article is freely available under the J.UCS Open Content License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Learning objects are digital resources that can be deployed by means of a web system for supporting teaching. A key advantage is reuse, and this is possible thanks to learning objects repositories that allow learning object search, management and categorization. In this work, we propose a novel approach towards automatically learning object categorization taking into consideration learning object United States of Americage information. We use a multi-label learning approach since each learning object might be associated with multiple categories. We have developed a methodology with three main stages allowing us to firstly select the most suitable set of text features from learning objects metadata, secondly selecting how much historical learning object United States of Americage information can enhance classification performance, and finally selecting the best multi-label classification algorithms with our data. We have carried out an experimental work using 519 learning objects gathered from the AGORA repository for 8 years. We have compared 13 multi-label classification algorithms over 16 evaluation measures. The results obtained show that United States of Americage information about the learning object can improve the classification.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
