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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3217/jucs-018-03-0314</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">22999</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>H.5.1 - Multimedia Information Systems</subject>
          <subject>H.5.2 - User Interfaces</subject>
          <subject>H.5.4 - Hypertext/Hypermedia</subject>
          <subject>K.3.1 - Computer Uses in Education</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Computer Generated Voice-Over in a Medical E-Learning Application: The Impact on Factual Learning Outcome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Minder</surname>
            <given-names>Stefan</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">stefan.minder@iml.unibe.ch</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Notari</surname>
            <given-names>Michele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Schmitz</surname>
            <given-names>Felix</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Hofer</surname>
            <given-names>Rainer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Woermann</surname>
            <given-names>Ulrich</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</addr-line>
        <institution>University of Bern</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Bern</addr-line>
        <country>Switzerland</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Stefan Minder (<email xlink:type="simple">stefan.minder@iml.unibe.ch</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>18</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>314</fpage>
      <lpage>326</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/095C18BA-5ABE-590E-9D39-90287DC5A060">095C18BA-5ABE-590E-9D39-90287DC5A060</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/5504863">5504863</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Stefan Minder, Michele Notari, Felix Schmitz, Rainer Hofer, Ulrich Woermann</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This article is freely available under the J.UCS Open Content License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>The Medical Faculty of the University of Bern uses voice-over in picture driven e-learning modules to avoid split attention induced by the modality effect. To lower production costs, professional narrators have been replaced by computer-generated voices. The e-learning modules are produced with a content management system (CMS) offering text-to-speech functionality. 107 Swiss high school students passed a 20-minute e-learning sequence on cystic fibrosis. In a nested between-group design with four learning content presentation modalities (written text vs. human voice-over vs. artificial voice-over plus 15"-laptop-screens vs. 2,8"smart-phone screens), the learning outcome was assessed at three points in time: before, just after, and six weeks after the learning phase. All modalities led to significant short-term and long-term increase in factual knowledge about cystic fibrosis. Our two hypotheses are supported: (1) presenting pictures with both human and artificial voice-over leads to the same factual learning outcome, and (2) the e-learning module leads to the same learning outcome and acceptance independent of devices and their screen sizes. Furthermore, the image-voice-over modality on mobile devices (small screens) turned out to be a setting with no significant difference in effectiveness.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
