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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3217/jucs-021-09-1210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">23501</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>C.2.3 - Network Operations</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clock-Skew-Based Computer Identification: Traps and Pitfalls</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Polčák</surname>
            <given-names>Libor</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">ipolcak@fit.vutbr.cz</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Franková</surname>
            <given-names>Barbora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic</addr-line>
        <institution>Brno University of Technology</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Brno</addr-line>
        <country>Czech Republic</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Libor Polčák (<email xlink:type="simple">ipolcak@fit.vutbr.cz</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>21</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <fpage>1210</fpage>
      <lpage>1233</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/DB9416FC-0A8C-515C-8560-E2F4807CF986">DB9416FC-0A8C-515C-8560-E2F4807CF986</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/5505547">5505547</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Libor Polčák, Barbora Franková</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This article is freely available under the J.UCS Open Content License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Each clock has built-in deficiencies since the manufacturing process is not precise on atomic level. These inaccuracies cause each clock to drift in a unique way. Clock skew has been already studied and used to identify computers. Based on the previous research in clock-skew-based identification, this paper provides a summary of use cases and methods for clock-skew-based identification. Nevertheless, the main contribution of the paper is following: (1) A formal evaluation of the requirements for precise clock skew estimations. The formal approach is accompanied with an empirical study of 24,071 clock skew measurements. (2) A method that links IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of a single computer. (3) A scenario, during which a malicious attacker mimics clock skew of another computer and consequently, for example, penetrates through authentication mechanisms considered during previous research. (4) Even though the real network observations expose that current precision in clock skew estimation is not sufficient to uniquely identify devices in moderately-sized network, some IPv4 and IPv6 addresses can be linked based on unique clock skew shifts of a computer, for example caused by a running NTP daemon.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
