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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3217/jucs-021-13-1790</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">23829</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>G.3 - PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS</subject>
          <subject>H.3.3 - Information Search and Retrieval</subject>
          <subject>H.3.4 - Systems and Software</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Queuing Theory-based Latency/Power Tradeoff Models for Replicated Search Engines</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">ana.freire@udc.es</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Macdonald</surname>
            <given-names>Craig</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Tonellotto</surname>
            <given-names>Nicola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Ounis</surname>
            <given-names>Iadh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Cacheda</surname>
            <given-names>Fidel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University of A Corunña, A Corunña, Spain</addr-line>
        <institution>University of A Corunña</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">A Corunña</addr-line>
        <country>Spain</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom</addr-line>
        <institution>University of Glasgow</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Glasgow</addr-line>
        <country>United Kingdom</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A3">
        <label>3</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">National Research Council of Italy, Pisa, Italy</addr-line>
        <institution>National Research Council of Italy</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Pisa</addr-line>
        <country>Italy</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A4">
        <label>4</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University of A Coruña, Coruña, Spain</addr-line>
        <institution>University of A Coruña</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Coruña</addr-line>
        <country>Spain</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Ana Freire (<email xlink:type="simple">ana.freire@udc.es</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>21</volume>
      <issue>13</issue>
      <fpage>1790</fpage>
      <lpage>1809</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/A86D918B-8CA5-5ECE-939E-0C274695DD5C">A86D918B-8CA5-5ECE-939E-0C274695DD5C</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/5505975">5505975</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Ana Freire, Craig Macdonald, Nicola Tonellotto, Iadh Ounis, Fidel Cacheda</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This article is freely available under the J.UCS Open Content License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Large-scale search engines are built upon huge infrastructures involvingthousands of computers in order to achieve fast response times. In contrast, the energy consumed (and hence the financial cost) is also high, leading to environmental damage. This paper proposes new approaches to increase energy and financial savings in large-scale search engines, while maintaining good query response times. We aim to improve current state-of-the-art models used for balancing power and latency, by integratingnew advanced features. On one hand, we propose to improve the power savings by completely powering down the query servers that are not necessary when the load ofthe system is low. Besides, we consider energy rates into the model formulation. On the other hand, we focus on how to accurately estimate the latency of the whole systemby means of Queueing Theory. Experiments using actual query logs attest the high energy (and financial) savingsregarding current baselines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper in successfully applying stationary Queueing Theory models to estimate the latency in alarge-scale search engine.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
