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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3217/jucs-018-15-2187</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">23876</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>H.4.2 - Types of Systems</subject>
          <subject>H.4.3 - Communications Applications</subject>
          <subject>H.5.2 - User Interfaces</subject>
          <subject>H.5.3 - Group and Organization Interfaces</subject>
          <subject>L.2.3 - Innovation</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Architecture for Collaborative Learning Activities in Hybrid Learning Environments</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Ibáñez</surname>
            <given-names>María Blanca</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">mbibanez@it.uc3m.es</email>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Maroto</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Rueda</surname>
            <given-names>José Jesús García</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Leony</surname>
            <given-names>Derick</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Delgado-Kloos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, , </addr-line>
        <institution>Universidad Carlos III de Madrid</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
        <institution>Universidad Carlos III de Madrid</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Madrid</addr-line>
        <country>Spain</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: María Blanca Ibáñez (<email xlink:type="simple">mbibanez@it.uc3m.es</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2012</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>18</volume>
      <issue>15</issue>
      <fpage>2187</fpage>
      <lpage>2202</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/AE41238D-3FCD-503E-8026-12922CC21E6F">AE41238D-3FCD-503E-8026-12922CC21E6F</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/5506039">5506039</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>María Blanca Ibáñez, David Maroto, José Jesús García Rueda, Derick Leony, Carlos Delgado-Kloos</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This article is freely available under the J.UCS Open Content License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>3D virtual worlds are recognized as collaborative learning environments. However, the underlying technology is not sufficiently mature and the virtual worlds look cartoonish, unlinked to reality. Thus, it is important to enrich them with elements from the real world to enhance student engagement in learning activities. Our approach is to build learning environments where participants can either be in the real world or in its mirror world while sharing the same hybrid space in a collaborative learning experience. This paper focuses on the system architecture and a usability study of a proof-of-concept for these hybrid learning environments. The architecture allows the integration of the real world and its 3D virtual mirror; the exchange and geolocalization of multimodal information, and also the orchestration of learning activities. The results of the usability evaluation show positive engagement effects on participants in the mirror world and, to a lesser extent, on those in the real world.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
