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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/jucs.2020.052</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">24099</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>H.5.0 - General</subject>
          <subject>H.5.2 - User Interfaces</subject>
          <subject>H.5.3 - Group and Organization Interfaces</subject>
          <subject>L.3.0 - eLearning Systems/Technology/Tools/Platforms</subject>
          <subject>L.3.1 - Human Computer Interface</subject>
          <subject>L.5.0 - Simulation</subject>
          <subject>L.6.2 - Collaboration</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparing Collaboration Fidelity between VR, MR and Video Conferencing Systems: The Effects of Visual Communication Media Fidelity on Collaboration</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Han</surname>
            <given-names>Sangsun</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">hanss1@hanyang.ac.kr</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Kim</surname>
            <given-names>Kibum</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Choi</surname>
            <given-names>Seonghwan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Sung</surname>
            <given-names>Mankyu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
        <institution>Hanyang University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Ansan</addr-line>
        <country>Republic of Korea</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
        <institution>Keimyung University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Daegu</addr-line>
        <country>Republic of Korea</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Sangsun Han (<email xlink:type="simple">hanss1@hanyang.ac.kr</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>26</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <fpage>972</fpage>
      <lpage>995</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/1EBD7784-474D-5AC7-94E8-746D0E08169C">1EBD7784-474D-5AC7-94E8-746D0E08169C</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/5508571">5508571</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Sangsun Han, Kibum Kim, Seonghwan Choi, Mankyu Sung</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-ND 4.0). This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Video/audio conferencing systems have been used extensively for remote collaboration over many years. Recently, virtual and mixed reality (VR/MR) systems have started to show great potential as communication media for remote collaboration. Prior studies revealed that the creation of common ground between discourse participants is crucial for collaboration and that grounding techniques change with the communication medium. However, it is difficult to find previous research that compares VR and MR communication system performances with video conferencing systems regarding the creation of common ground for collaborative problem solving. On the other hand, prior studies have found that display fidelity and interaction fidelity had significant effects on performance-intensive individual tasks in virtual reality. Fidelity in VR can be defined as the degree of objective accuracy with which the real-world is represented by the virtual world. However, to date, fidelity for collaborative tasks in VR/MR has not been defined or studied much. In this paper, we compare five different communication media for the establishment of common ground in collaborative problem-solving tasks: Webcam, headband camera, VR, MR, and audio-only conferencing systems. We analyzed these communication media with respect to collaborative fidelity components which we defined. For the experiments, we utilized two different types of collaborative tasks: a 2D Tangram puzzle and a 3D Soma cube puzzle. The experimental results show that the traditional Webcam performed better than the other media in the 2D task, while the headband camera performed better in the 3D task. In terms of collaboration fidelity, these results were somehow predictable, although there was a little difference between our expectations and the results.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
