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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/jucs.2020.053</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">24100</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>L.0.0 - Assessment and Evaluation</subject>
          <subject>L.1.1 - Knowledge Measurement in Learning Process</subject>
          <subject>L.2.7 - User Satisfaction</subject>
          <subject>L.3.3 - Learning Preferences</subject>
          <subject>L.3.6 - Technology Enhanced Learning</subject>
          <subject>L.5.1 - Game Based Learning/Gaming</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Using Serious Games for Learning British Sign Language Combining Video, Enhanced Interactivity, and VR Technology</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Economou</surname>
            <given-names>Daphne</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">d.economou@westminster.ac.uk</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Russi</surname>
            <given-names>Melissa Gonzalez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Doumanis</surname>
            <given-names>Ioannis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Mentzelopoulos</surname>
            <given-names>Markos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Bouki</surname>
            <given-names>Vassiliki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Ferguson</surname>
            <given-names>Jeffery</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
        <institution>University of Westminster</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">London</addr-line>
        <country>United Kingdom</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">ORM, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
        <institution>ORM</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">London</addr-line>
        <country>United Kingdom</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A3">
        <label>3</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom</addr-line>
        <institution>University of Central Lancashire</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Preston</addr-line>
        <country>United Kingdom</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Daphne Economou (<email xlink:type="simple">d.economou@westminster.ac.uk</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>26</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <fpage>996</fpage>
      <lpage>1016</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/6083B447-8F5F-520F-801D-826A46F75C97">6083B447-8F5F-520F-801D-826A46F75C97</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/5508573">5508573</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Daphne Economou, Melissa Gonzalez Russi, Ioannis Doumanis, Markos Mentzelopoulos, Vassiliki Bouki, Jeffery Ferguson</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-ND 4.0). This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>One in every six persons in the UK suffers a hearing loss, either as a condition they have been born with, or they developed during their life. Nine hundred thousand people in the UK are severely or profoundly deaf. Based on a study by Action on Hearing Loss UK in 2013 only 17 percent of this population, can use the British Sign Language (BSL). That leaves a massive proportion of people with a hearing impediment who do not use sign language struggling in social interaction and suffering from emotional distress. It also leaves even a larger proportion of Hearing people who cannot communicate with those of the deaf community. This paper presents a Serious Game (SG) that aims to close the communication gap between able hearing people and people with hearing impairment by providing a tool that facilitates BSL learning targeting the adult population. The paper presents the theoretical framework supporting adult learning based on which a SG game using Virtual Reality (VR) technology has been developed. The paper explains the experimental framework of the study. It presents the creation of the research instruments to facilitate the study comprising of a SG that integrates video and conventional video-based educational material. It reports and analyses the study results that demonstrate the advantage of the SG in effectively supporting users learning a set of BSL signs. It also presents qualitative outcomes that inform the further development of the game to serve learning needs. The paper closes with conclusions, directions for further development of this educational resource, and future studies.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
