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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/jucs.2020.057</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">24107</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>F.2.0 - General</subject>
          <subject>G.2.1 - Combinatorics</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>On the Complexity of Some Variations of Sorting by Transpositions</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Alexandrino</surname>
            <given-names>Alexsandro Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">alexsandro@ic.unicamp.br</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Andre Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Ulisses</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Zanoni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil</addr-line>
        <institution>University of Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Campinas</addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil</addr-line>
        <institution>University of Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Limeira</addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Alexsandro Oliveira Alexandrino (<email xlink:type="simple">alexsandro@ic.unicamp.br</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>26</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <fpage>1076</fpage>
      <lpage>1094</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/50CA4CAA-B2FE-5DFA-BB7C-D314A2784E4A">50CA4CAA-B2FE-5DFA-BB7C-D314A2784E4A</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/5508583">5508583</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Alexsandro Oliveira Alexandrino, Andre Rodrigues Oliveira, Ulisses Dias, Zanoni Dias</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-ND 4.0). This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>One of the main challenges in Computational Biology is to find the evolutionary distance between two organisms. In the field of comparative genomics, one way to estimate such distance is to find a minimum cost sequence of rearrangements (large scale mutations) needed to transform one genome into another, which is called the rearrangement distance. In the past decades, these problems were studied considering many types of rearrangements (such as reversals, transpositions, transreversals, and revrevs) and considering the same weight for all rearrangements, or different weights depending on the types of rearrangements. The complexity of the problems involving reversals, transpositions, and both rearrangements is known, even though the hardness proof for the problem combining reversals and transpositions was recently given. In this paper, we enhance the knowledge for these problems by proving that models involving transpositions alongside reversals, transreversals, and revrevs are NP-hard, considering weights w1 for reversals and w2 for the other rearrangements such that w2/w1 ≤ 1.5. In addition, we address a cost function related to the number of fragmentations caused by a rearrangement, proving that the problem of finding a minimum cost sorting sequence, considering the fragmentation cost function with some restrictions, is NP-hard for transpositions and the combination of reversals and transpositions.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
