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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3217/jucs-003-01-0023</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27322</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>D.2.1 - Requirements/Specifications</subject>
          <subject>D.3 - PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES</subject>
          <subject>K.6.3 - Software Management</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Generalizing BIAS Specifications</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Popova</surname>
            <given-names>Evgenija D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">epopova@bgearn.acad.bg</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Ullrich</surname>
            <given-names>Christian P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, , Bulgaria</addr-line>
        <institution>Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</institution>
        <country>Bulgaria</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University of Basel, , Switzerland</addr-line>
        <institution>University of Basel</institution>
        <country>Switzerland</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Evgenija D. Popova (<email xlink:type="simple">epopova@bgearn.acad.bg</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>1997</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>1997</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>3</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>23</fpage>
      <lpage>41</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/DF0C1521-9491-5774-A771-5FE4E46CDC64">DF0C1521-9491-5774-A771-5FE4E46CDC64</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/6995326">6995326</uri>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Evgenija D. Popova, Christian P. Ullrich</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This article is freely available under the J.UCS Open Content License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>This paper generalizes the specification of Basic Interval Arithmetic Subroutines (BIAS) to support interval arithmetic on directed (i.e. proper and improper) intervals. This is due to our understanding that the arithmetic involving improper intervals will be increasingly used in future applications and the corresponding interval arithmetic implementations require no additional cost. We extend BIAS specification to be sufficiently precise and complete, to include everything a user needs, such as subroutine s purpose, name, method of invocation and details of its behaviour and communication with the environment. The specified interval arithmetic subroutines for directed intervals are consistent with conventional interval arithmetic and IEEE floating-point arithmetic.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
