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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3217/jucs-006-04-0460</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27673</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>C.3 - SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS</subject>
          <subject>F.3.1 - Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Specifying and Verifying Real-Time Systems using Second-Order Algebraic Methods: A Case Study of the Railroad Crossing Controller</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Steggles</surname>
            <given-names>L. J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">l.j.steggles@newcastle.ac.uk</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Department of Computer Science, University of Newcastle, , United Kingdom</addr-line>
        <institution>Department of Computer Science, University of Newcastle</institution>
        <country>United Kingdom</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: L. J. Steggles (<email xlink:type="simple">l.j.steggles@newcastle.ac.uk</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2000</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2000</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>6</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>460</fpage>
      <lpage>473</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/EF45A56F-68C2-5263-A94B-037B33614050">EF45A56F-68C2-5263-A94B-037B33614050</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/6995827">6995827</uri>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>L. J. Steggles</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This article is freely available under the J.UCS Open Content License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Second-order algebraic methods provide a natural and expressive formal framework in which to develop correct computing systems. In this paper we consider using second-order algebraic methods to specify real-time systems and to verify their associated safety and utility properties. We demonstrate our ideas by presenting a detailed case study of the railroad crossing controller, a benchmark example in the real-time systems community. This case study demonstrates how real-time constraints can be modelled naturally using second-order algebras and illustrates the substantial expressive power of second-order equations.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
