<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//TaxonX//DTD Taxonomic Treatment Publishing DTD v0 20100105//EN" "../../nlm/tax-treatment-NS0.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:tp="http://www.plazi.org/taxpub" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3217/jucs-010-03-0252</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">28204</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>H.3 - INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL</subject>
          <subject>H.5.3 - Group and Organization Interfaces</subject>
          <subject>H.5.4 - Hypertext/Hypermedia</subject>
          <subject>I.2.4 - Knowledge Representation Formalisms and Methods</subject>
          <subject>I.2.6 - Learning</subject>
          <subject>K.6 - MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Organic Perspectives of Knowledge Management: Knowledge Evolution through a Cycle of Knowledge Liquidization and Crystallization</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Hori</surname>
            <given-names>Koichi</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">hori@ai.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Nakakoji</surname>
            <given-names>Kumiyo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Yamamoto</surname>
            <given-names>Yasuhiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Ostwald</surname>
            <given-names>Jonathan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line>
        <institution>Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Tokyo</addr-line>
        <country>Japan</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States of America</addr-line>
        <institution>University Corporation for Atmospheric Research</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Boulder, CO</addr-line>
        <country>United States of America</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Koichi Hori (<email xlink:type="simple">hori@ai.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2004</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>10</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>252</fpage>
      <lpage>261</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/CD192696-34D1-51FF-BF83-8F9C2FD4CD31">CD192696-34D1-51FF-BF83-8F9C2FD4CD31</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/6996508">6996508</uri>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Koichi Hori, Kumiyo Nakakoji, Yasuhiro Yamamoto, Jonathan Ostwald</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This article is freely available under the J.UCS Open Content License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Our research on knowledge management is rooted in the community perspective. We believe that knowledge systems should serve primarily to help people create and share new knowledge. But we also acknowledge the role of stable, structured and reliable information, both as a component of our systems and as a component of the organizations within which we work. The contribution of the paper is a framework for integrating organizational and community perspectives on knowledge management and its computational support. Our basic idea is that knowledge is not a static chunk of information, but rather, knowledge evolves in a cycle of knowledge liquidization and crystallization. The evolving process takes place through the interactions among conceptual worlds, representational worlds, and the real world. This paper first describes the knowledge liquidization and crystallization framework. We then illustrate the approach with three systems, Knowledge Nebula Crystallizer, livingOM, and ART-SHTA.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
