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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3217/jucs-014-07-1136</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">29035</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>I.2.6 - Learning</subject>
          <subject>I.6.8 - Types of Simulation</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reinforcement Learning on a Futures Market Simulator</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Moriyama</surname>
            <given-names>Koichi</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">koichi@ai.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Matsumoto</surname>
            <given-names>Mitsuhiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Fukui</surname>
            <given-names>Ken-ichi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Kurihara</surname>
            <given-names>Satoshi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Numao</surname>
            <given-names>Masayuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Osaka University, Osaka, Japan</addr-line>
        <institution>Osaka University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Osaka</addr-line>
        <country>Japan</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Koichi Moriyama (<email xlink:type="simple">koichi@ai.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2008</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>14</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <fpage>1136</fpage>
      <lpage>1153</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/343D70DA-AB68-5902-8B46-E743CA66C565">343D70DA-AB68-5902-8B46-E743CA66C565</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/7000216">7000216</uri>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Koichi Moriyama, Mitsuhiro Matsumoto, Ken-ichi Fukui, Satoshi Kurihara, Masayuki Numao</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This article is freely available under the J.UCS Open Content License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>In recent years, market forecasting by machine learning methods has been flourishing.Most existing works use a past market data set, because they assume that each trader's individual decisions do not affect market prices at all. Meanwhile, there have been attempts to analyzeeconomic phenomena by constructing virtual market simulators, in which human and artificial traders really make trades. Since prices in a market are, in fact, determined by every trader'sdecisions, a virtual market is more realistic, and the above assumption does not apply. In this work, we design several reinforcement learners on the futures market simulator U-Mart (UnrealMarket as an Artificial Research Testbed) and compare our learners with the previous champions of U-Mart competitions empirically.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
