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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/jucs.74166</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">74166</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>H.4.3 - Communications Applications</subject>
          <subject>H.5.2 - User Interfaces</subject>
          <subject>I.6.3 - Applications</subject>
          <subject>I.6.7 - Simulation Support Systems</subject>
          <subject>L.5.0 - Simulation</subject>
          <subject>L.5.1 - Game Based Learning/Gaming</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Non-verbal Aspects of Collaboration in Virtual Worlds: a CSCW Taxonomy-development Proposal Integrating the Presence Dimension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Armando</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">cruz.armando1@sapo.pt</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Paredes</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4274-4783</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Morgado</surname>
            <given-names>Leonel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Lamego – Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Viseu, Portugal</addr-line>
        <institution>Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Lamego – Instituto Politécnico de Viseu</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Viseu</addr-line>
        <country>Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">INESC TEC, Porto, Portugal</addr-line>
        <institution>INESC TEC</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Porto</addr-line>
        <country>Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A3">
        <label>3</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, , Portugal</addr-line>
        <institution>University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro</institution>
        <country>Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A4">
        <label>4</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal</addr-line>
        <institution>University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Vila Real</addr-line>
        <country>Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A5">
        <label>5</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">INESC TEC, Vila Real, Portugal</addr-line>
        <institution>INESC TEC</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Vila Real</addr-line>
        <country>Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A6">
        <label>6</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Porto, Portugal</addr-line>
        <institution>Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD)</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Porto</addr-line>
        <country>Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Armando Cruz (<email xlink:type="simple">cruz.armando1@sapo.pt</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>27</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <fpage>913</fpage>
      <lpage>954</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/C95A3AEE-1F0E-5164-B4AB-A6D046E8DEEA">C95A3AEE-1F0E-5164-B4AB-A6D046E8DEEA</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/5551814">5551814</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Armando Cruz, Hugo Paredes, Leonel Morgado, Paulo Martins</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-ND 4.0). This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Virtual worlds, particularly those able to provide a three-dimensional physical space, have features that make them suitable to support collaborative activities. These features distinguish virtual worlds from other collaboration tools, but current taxonomies of the field of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work do not account for several distinctive features of virtual worlds, namely those related with non-verbal communication. We intended to find out how the use of an avatar, gestures, spatial sounds, etc., influence collaboration in order to be able to include non-verbal communication in taxonomies of the field Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. Several cases of collaboration in virtual worlds are analysed, to find the impact of these non-verbal characteristics of virtual worlds. We proposed adding the concept of Presence to taxonomies of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and contribute with guidance for future taxonomy development that includes it as a new dimension. This new dimension of Presence is subdivided into &amp;quot;avatar&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;physical space&amp;quot; subdimensions. In turn, these are divided into &amp;quot;physical appearance&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;gestures, sounds and animations&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;focus, nimbus and aura&amp;quot;; &amp;quot;environment&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;objects / artefacts&amp;quot;. This new taxonomy-development proposal may contribute to inform better design of virtual worlds in support of cooperative work.</p>
      </abstract>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>
            <named-content content-type="project_title">INESC TEC - INESC Technology and Science</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="project_identifier">147326</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="project_funder_id">501100001871</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="project_funder_name">Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="project_funder_doi">http://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871</named-content>
          </funding-source>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
