<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//TaxonX//DTD Taxonomic Treatment Publishing DTD v0 20100105//EN" "../../nlm/tax-treatment-NS0.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:tp="http://www.plazi.org/taxpub" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/jucs.78218</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">78218</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>I.2 - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE</subject>
          <subject>Topic I - Computing Methodologies</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An Enhanced Evolutionary Based Feature Selection Approach Using Grey Wolf Optimizer for the Classification of High-dimensional Biological Data</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Thaher</surname>
            <given-names>Thaer</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">thaer.thaher@gmail.com</email>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7047-5886</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Awad</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammed</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Aldasht</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammed</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Sheta</surname>
            <given-names>Alaa</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3727-6276</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Turabieh</surname>
            <given-names>Hamza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Chantar</surname>
            <given-names>Hamouda</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2794-8144</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Department of Engineering and Technology Sciences, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine</addr-line>
        <institution>Department of Engineering and Technology Sciences, Arab American University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Jenin</addr-line>
        <country>Palestine</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Department of Computer Systems Engineering, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine</addr-line>
        <institution>Department of Computer Systems Engineering, Arab American University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Jenin</addr-line>
        <country>Palestine</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A3">
        <label>3</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Department of Computer Engineering,  Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine</addr-line>
        <institution>Department of Computer Engineering,  Palestine Polytechnic University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Hebron</addr-line>
        <country>Palestine</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A4">
        <label>4</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Computer Science Department, Southern Connecticut State University, CT, United States of America</addr-line>
        <institution>Computer Science Department, Southern Connecticut State University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">CT</addr-line>
        <country>United States of America</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A5">
        <label>5</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Department of Information Technology, Collage of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia</addr-line>
        <institution>Department of Information Technology, Collage of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Taif</addr-line>
        <country>Saudi Arabia</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A6">
        <label>6</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Faculty of Information Technology, Sebha University, Sebha 18758, Libya, Sebha, Libya</addr-line>
        <institution>Faculty of Information Technology, Sebha University, Sebha 18758, Libya</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Sebha</addr-line>
        <country>Libya</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Thaer Thaher (<email xlink:type="simple">thaer.thaher@gmail.com</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>28</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>499</fpage>
      <lpage>539</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/DA26D0CE-0001-5E69-9466-E17A14BEAEFA">DA26D0CE-0001-5E69-9466-E17A14BEAEFA</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/6592033">6592033</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Thaer Thaher, Mohammed Awad, Mohammed Aldasht, Alaa Sheta, Hamza Turabieh, Hamouda Chantar</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-ND 4.0). This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Feature selection (FS) is a pre-processing step that aims to eliminate the redundant and less-informative features to enhance the performance of data mining techniques. It is also considered as one of the key success factors for classification problems in high-dimensional datasets. This paper proposes an efficient wrapper feature selection method based on Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). GWO is a recent metaheuristic algorithm that has been widely employed to solve diverse optimization problems. However, GWO mainly follows the search directions toward the leading wolves, making it prone to fall into local optima, especially when dealing with high-dimensional problems, which is the case when dealing with many biological datasets. An enhanced variation of GWO called EGWO, which adapts two enhancements, is introduced to overcome this specific shortcoming. In the first place, the transition parameter concept is incorporated to move GWO from the exploration phase to the exploitation phase. Several adaptive non-linear decreasing formulas are introduced to control the transition parameters. In the second place, a random-based search strategy is exploited to empower diversity during the search process. Two binarization schemes using S-shaped and V-shaped transfer functions are incorporated to map the continuous search space into a binary one for FS. The efficiency of the proposed EGWO is validated on ten high-dimensional low-samples biological data. Our experiments show the promising performance of EGWO compared to the original GWO approach and other state-of-the-art techniques in terms of dimensionality reduction and the enhancement of classification performance.</p>
      </abstract>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>
            <named-content content-type="funder_name">Taif University</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="funder_identifier">501100006261</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="funder_doi">http://doi.org/10.13039/501100006261</named-content>
          </funding-source>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
