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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/jucs.87643</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">87643</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>I.2 - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE</subject>
          <subject>I.4 - IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation for Identification of Irrelevant Objects in a Waste Recycling Plant</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Domínguez</surname>
            <given-names>César</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">cesar.dominguez@unirioja.es</email>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2081-7523</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Heras</surname>
            <given-names>Jónathan</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4775-1306</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Mata</surname>
            <given-names>Eloy</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0538-4579</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Pascual</surname>
            <given-names>Vico</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3576-0889</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Fernández-Cedrón</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Martínez-Lanchares</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Pellejero-Espinosa</surname>
            <given-names>Jon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Rubio-Loscertales</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2286-6940</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Tarragona-Pérez</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain</addr-line>
        <institution>Universidad de La Rioja</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Logroño</addr-line>
        <country>Spain</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">SpectralGeo, Logroño, Spain</addr-line>
        <institution>SpectralGeo</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Logroño</addr-line>
        <country>Spain</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: César Domínguez (<email xlink:type="simple">cesar.dominguez@unirioja.es</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>419</fpage>
      <lpage>431</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/C59FF791-F5F6-5C36-8617-20E8072C9593">C59FF791-F5F6-5C36-8617-20E8072C9593</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>César Domínguez, Jónathan Heras, Eloy Mata, Vico Pascual, Lucas Fernández-Cedrón, Marcos Martínez-Lanchares, Jon Pellejero-Espinosa, Antonio Rubio-Loscertales, Carlos Tarragona-Pérez</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-ND 4.0). This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>In waste recycling plants, measuring the waste volume and weight at the beginning of the treatment process is key for a better management of resources. This task can be conducted by using orthophoto images, but it is necessary to remove from those images the objects, such as containers or trucks, that are not involved in the measurement process. This work proposes the application of deep learning for the semantic segmentation of those irrelevant objects. Several deep architectures are trained and compared, while three semi-supervised learning methods (PseudoLabeling, Distillation and Model Distillation) are proposed to take advantage of non-annotated images. In these experiments, the U-net++ architecture with an EfficientNetB3 backbone, trained with the set of labelled images, achieves the best overall multi Dice score of 91.23%. The application of semi-supervised learning methods further boosts the segmentation accuracy in a range between 1.31% and 2.59%, on average.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
