<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//TaxonX//DTD Taxonomic Treatment Publishing DTD v0 20100105//EN" "../../nlm/tax-treatment-NS0.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:tp="http://www.plazi.org/taxpub" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/jucs.89254</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">89254</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>I.2.6 - Learning</subject>
          <subject>I.4.7 - Feature Measurement</subject>
          <subject>I.5 - PATTERN RECOGNITION</subject>
          <subject>I.6.4 - Model Validation and Analysis</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Feature Fusion and NRML Metric Learning for Facial Kinship Verification</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Ramazankhani</surname>
            <given-names>Fahimeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Yazdian-Dehkord</surname>
            <given-names>Mahdi</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">yazdian@yazd.ac.ir</email>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-8638</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Rezaeian</surname>
            <given-names>Mehdi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Yazd University, Yazd, Iran</addr-line>
        <institution>Yazd University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Yazd</addr-line>
        <country>Iran</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Mahdi Yazdian-Dehkord (<email xlink:type="simple">yazdian@yazd.ac.ir</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>326</fpage>
      <lpage>348</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/74244414-62B7-5FE6-86A8-D3F16FAF7CFC">74244414-62B7-5FE6-86A8-D3F16FAF7CFC</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Fahimeh Ramazankhani, Mahdi Yazdian-Dehkord, Mehdi Rezaeian</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-ND 4.0). This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Features extracted from facial images are used in various fields such as kinship verification. The kinship verification system determines the kin or non-kin relation between a pair of facial images by analysing their facial features. In this research, different texture and color features have been used along with the metric learning method, to verify the kinship for the four kinship relations of father-son, father-daughter, mother-son and mother-daughter. First, by fusing effective features, NRML metric learning used to generate the discriminative feature vector, then SVM classifier used to verify to kinship relations. To measure the accuracy of the proposed method, KinFaceW-I and KinFaceW-II databases have been used. The results of the evaluations show that the feature fusion and NRML metric learning methods have been able to improve the performance of the kinship verification system. In addition to the proposed approach, the effect of feature extraction from the image blocks or the whole image is investigated and the results are presented. The results indicate that feature extraction in block form, can be effective in improving the final accuracy of kinship verification.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
