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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/jucs.90346</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">90346</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>Topic C - Computer Systems Organization</subject>
          <subject>Topic E - Data</subject>
          <subject>Topic H - Information Systems</subject>
          <subject>Topic I - Computing Methodologies</subject>
          <subject>Topic J - Computer Applications</subject>
          <subject>Topic L - Science and Technology of Learning</subject>
          <subject>Topic M - Knowledge Management</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Application of Electronic Nose and Eye Systems for Detection of Adulteration in Olive Oil based on Chemometrics and Optimization Approaches </article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Mirhoseini-Moghaddam</surname>
            <given-names>eyedeh Mahsa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Yamaghani</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad Reza</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">o_yamaghani@yahoo.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Bakhshipour</surname>
            <given-names>Adel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran</addr-line>
        <institution>Islamic Azad University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Lahijan</addr-line>
        <country>Iran</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran</addr-line>
        <institution>University of Guilan</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Rasht</addr-line>
        <country>Iran</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Mohammad Reza Yamaghani (<email xlink:type="simple">o_yamaghani@yahoo.com</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>300</fpage>
      <lpage>325</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/E79432F1-D61E-5235-AD52-0B07425D77A5">E79432F1-D61E-5235-AD52-0B07425D77A5</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>eyedeh Mahsa Mirhoseini-Moghaddam, Mohammad Reza Yamaghani, Adel Bakhshipour</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-ND 4.0). This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>In this study, a combined system of electronic nose (e-nose) and computer vision was developed for the detection of adulteration in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). The canola oil was blended with the pure EVOO to provide adulterations at four levels of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. Data collection was carried out using an e-nose system containing 13 metal oxide gas sensors, and a computer vision system. Applying principal component analysis (PCA) on the e-nose-extracted features showed that 93% and 92% of total data variance was covered by the three first PCs generated from Maximum Sensor Response (MSR), Area Under Curve (AUC) features, respectively. Cluster analysis verified that the pure and impure EVOO samples can be categorized by e-nose properties. PCA-Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (PCA-QDA) classified the EVOOs with an accuracy of 100%. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) was able to estimate the adulteration percentage with the R<sup>2</sup> of 0.8565 and RMSE of 2.7125 on the validation dataset. Moreover, factor analysis using Partial Least Square (PLS) introduced the MQ3 and TGS2620 sensors as the most important e-nose sensors for EVOO adulteration monitoring. Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) on RGB, HSV, L*,a*, and b* as color parameters of the EVOO images revealed that the color parameters are at their optimal state in the case up to 0.1% of canola impurity, where the obtained desirability index was 97%. Results of this study demonstrated the high capability of e-nose and computer vision systems for accurate, fast and non-destructive detection of adulteration in EVOO and detection of food adulteration may be more reliable using these artificial senses. </p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
