<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//TaxonX//DTD Taxonomic Treatment Publishing DTD v0 20100105//EN" "../../nlm/tax-treatment-NS0.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:tp="http://www.plazi.org/taxpub" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/jucs.91399</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">91399</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>Topic H - Information Systems</subject>
          <subject>Topic L - Science and Technology of Learning</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Smart Fall Detection by Enhanced SVM with Fuzzy Logic Membership Function</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Kchouri</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Harum</surname>
            <given-names>Norharyati</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">norharyati@utem.edu.my</email>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0068-6025</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Hazimeh</surname>
            <given-names>Hussein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Obeid</surname>
            <given-names>Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia</addr-line>
        <institution>Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Melaka</addr-line>
        <country>Malaysia</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Al Maaref University, Beirut, Lebanon</addr-line>
        <institution>Al Maaref University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Beirut</addr-line>
        <country>Lebanon</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A3">
        <label>3</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon</addr-line>
        <institution>Lebanese University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Beirut</addr-line>
        <country>Lebanon</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A4">
        <label>4</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Psymeon CTO, Paris, France</addr-line>
        <institution>Psymeon CTO</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Paris</addr-line>
        <country>France</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Norharyati Harum (<email xlink:type="simple">norharyati@utem.edu.my</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <fpage>1010</fpage>
      <lpage>1032</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/548BB27A-7916-5ED7-8283-8AE1D3E85EAA">548BB27A-7916-5ED7-8283-8AE1D3E85EAA</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Mohammad Kchouri, Norharyati Harum, Hussein Hazimeh, Ali Obeid</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-ND 4.0). This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Falling is a critical issue for disabled people, and it leads to potentially serious injuries and death. Smart fall detection is a technology that depends on sensors and auxiliary devices that seek to improve the quality of life and enhance the lifestyle of disabled people. So far, the most widely used fall prediction methods collect data from inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors. In addition, they use thresholds to identify falls based on artificial experiences or machine learning (ML) algorithms. Nonetheless, these approaches still require extensive classification and calibration. In this paper, we suggest a new technique to detect falls by combining Fuzzy Logic (FL) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The FL model is built by using a fuzzy membership function along with the input dataset to obtain the intermediate output. Because combining these two algorithms is not an easy task, we leverage SVM with a kernel comprised of a fuzzy membership function and thus build a new model known as FSVM. Besides, the hyperplane of the SVM is used as the separating plane to replace the traditional threshold method for detecting falling Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) on a comprehensive dataset containing simulated falling ADLs, non-falling ADLs, and scripted ADLs, including falling ADLs and unscripted ADLs performed by volunteers with our designed device. The results show that no false-positive rate had been triggered, and 100% specificity was achieved for ADL. An overall accuracy of about 99.87% in detecting the fall function was obtained. Furthermore, the overall sensitivity of 100% with no false negative rate obtained was achieved by implementing the proposed method. The attained results validate that our introduced method can effectively learn from features extracted from a multiphase fall model. </p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
