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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/jucs.94133</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">94133</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>H.3.1 - Content Analysis and Indexing</subject>
          <subject>H.3.2 - Information Storage</subject>
          <subject>H.3.3 - Information Search and Retrieval</subject>
          <subject>H.3.7 - Digital Libraries</subject>
          <subject>H.5.1 - Multimedia Information Systems</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Automatic Detection and Recognition of Citrus Fruit &amp; Leaves Diseases for Precision Agriculture</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Saini</surname>
            <given-names>Ashok Kumar</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2699-9134</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Bhatnagar</surname>
            <given-names>Roheet</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">roheetbhatnagar@yahoo.com</email>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9098-3378</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Srivastava</surname>
            <given-names>Devesh Kumar</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-8641</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India</addr-line>
        <institution>Manipal University Jaipur</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Jaipur</addr-line>
        <country>India</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Roheet Bhatnagar (<email xlink:type="simple">roheetbhatnagar@yahoo.com</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>28</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <fpage>930</fpage>
      <lpage>948</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/0F7C723A-748E-5525-A697-390D17929E6E">0F7C723A-748E-5525-A697-390D17929E6E</uri>
      <uri content-type="zenodo_dep_id" xlink:href="https://zenodo.org/record/7127374">7127374</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Ashok Kumar Saini, Roheet Bhatnagar, Devesh Kumar Srivastava</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-ND 4.0). This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>Machine learning is a branch of computer science concerned with developing algorithms &amp; models capable of ‘learning through data and iterations’. Deep learning simulates the structure and function of human organs and diseases using artificial neural networks with more than one hidden layer. The primary purpose of this work is to develop and test computer vision and machine learning algorithms for classifying Huanglongbing (HLB)-infected, healthy, and unhealthy leaves and fruits of the citrus plant. The images were segmented using a normalized graph cut, and texture information was extracted using a co-occurrence matrix. The collected attributes were used for classification and support vector machine (SVM), and deep learning methods were employed. When rating the classification outcomes, the accuracy of the classification and the number of false positives and false negatives were considered. The result shows that Deep Learning could create categories up to 96.8% of HLB-infected leaves and fruits. Despite a broad variance in intensity from leaves collected in North India, this method suggests it could be beneficial in diagnosing HLB.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
