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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">109</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:3dc5f44e-8666-58db-bc76-a455210e8891</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">jucs</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0948-695X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">0948-6968</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Journal of Universal Computer Science</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/jucs.96293</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">96293</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>I.2 - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE</subject>
          <subject>I.4 - IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION</subject>
          <subject>I.5 - PATTERN RECOGNITION</subject>
          <subject>J.6 - COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Automated Classification of Cell Level of HEp-2 Microscopic Images Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks-Based Diameter Distance Features</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Jensen</surname>
            <given-names>Mitchell</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Al-Dulaimi</surname>
            <given-names>Khamael</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">khamaelabbaskhudhair.aldulaimi@hdr.qut.edu.au</email>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7248-7522</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Abduljabbar</surname>
            <given-names>Khairiyah Saeed</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1313-0667</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Banks</surname>
            <given-names>Jasmine</given-names>
          </name>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1507-9682</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia</addr-line>
        <institution>Queensland University of Technology</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Brisbane</addr-line>
        <country>Australia</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="A2">
        <label>2</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq</addr-line>
        <institution>Al-Nahrain University</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Baghdad</addr-line>
        <country>Iraq</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Khamael Al-Dulaimi (<email xlink:type="simple">khamaelabbaskhudhair.aldulaimi@hdr.qut.edu.au</email>).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: </p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>29</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>432</fpage>
      <lpage>445</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/E9B6007C-B880-585A-835F-35D1B81D82F5">E9B6007C-B880-585A-835F-35D1B81D82F5</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Mitchell Jensen, Khamael Al-Dulaimi, Khairiyah Saeed Abduljabbar, Jasmine Banks</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-ND 4.0). This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p>To identify autoimmune diseases in humans, analysis of HEp-2 staining patterns at cell level is the gold standard for clinical practice research communities. An automated procedure is a complicated task due to variations in cell densities, sizes, shapes and patterns, overfitting of features, large-scale data volume, stained cells and poor quality of images. Several machine learning methods that analyse and classify HEp-2 cell microscope images currently exist. However, accuracy is still not at the level required for medical applications and computer aided diagnosis due to those challenges. The purpose of this work to automate classification procedure of HEp-2 stained cells from microscopic images and improve the accuracy of computer aided diagnosis. This work proposes Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) technique to classify HEp-2 cell patterns at cell level into six classes based on employing the level-set method via edge detection technique to segment HEp-2 cell shape. The DCNNs are designed to identify cell-shape and fundamental distance features related with HEp-2 cell types. This paper is investigated the effectiveness of our proposed method over benchmarked dataset. The result shows that the proposed method is highly superior comparing with other methods in benchmarked dataset and state-of-the-art methods. The result demonstrates that the proposed method has an excellent adaptability across variations in cell densities, sizes, shapes and patterns, overfitting features, large-scale data volume, and stained cells under different lab environments. The accurate classification of HEp-2 staining pattern at cell level helps increasing the accuracy of computer aided diagnosis for diagnosis process in the future.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
