The rapid evolution of Industry 4.0 has brought forth transformative changes in manufacturing, accentuating the need for seamless interoperability among heterogeneous systems. However, the geographically distributed and decentralized nature of Industry 4.0 ecosystems presents a pressing challenge: ensuring trustworthy interoperability within a complex web of entities and intermediaries. This paper delves into the pivotal role of blockchain technology in addressing this challenge, aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical promises and practical applications. By examining the feasibility and efficacy of blockchain solutions in fostering trust and enabling interoperability within Industry 4.0 environments, we confront the pressing issue of data security, integrity, and reliability. Through the lens of seven blockchain-based solutions, we navigate the intricate landscape of Industry 4.0, offering insights into the trade-offs, risks, and potentials associated with blockchain adoption. Real-world case studies and practical demonstrations underscore the urgency and relevance of our research, shedding light on pathways for industry stakeholders to navigate the complexities of interoperability. Our findings not only contribute to advancing the discourse on blockchain’s role in Industry 4.0 but also provide actionable strategies for addressing the overarching challenge of ensuring trustworthy interoperability in the digital age.

Industry 4.0, Interoperability, Trustworthy Interoperability, Blockchain, System Architecture, Requirements